It comments on what is sometimes regarded as the failures in the process of constitution-making, and on the improvements achieved by the reform under the Treaty of Lisbon, both in the light of the concept of multilevel constitutionalism. This Article understands the Treaty of Lisbon as one step in a long and complex process of constitutionalization in Europe comprising both the evolving European and the national level of constitutional law. Since years the European Union struggles with its structural and constitutional self-determination in search of a sustainable balance between con-federal and federal options, between inter-governmentalism and supranationalism. The contribution traces the creation through the Court’s case-law of the layered system of equality law and its practical implications. In the resulting multi-level system, the Mangold line of case-law in particular raises questions not only about the relevance and function of the general principles of equality in the larger system of Union law, but also about the interrelation between the different layers of equality law and the meaning of the prohibition of discrimination on the level of the general principles. a principle that is not linked to any discrimination ground) and a number of general principles of equality linked to particular discrimination grounds. Faced with the lack, or limited reach, of written non-discrimination law, the Court recognised the existence of two layers of general principles of equality, namely a general principle of equality tout court (i.e.
Para finalizar con unas medidas paliativas que podrían aplicarse para dar una solución justa y equitativa a los clientes más perjudicados.Īccording to the Court’s case-law, a prohibition of discrimination can flow not only from enacted (written) Union law but also from (unwritten) general principles. Tras identificar el problema se revisa el marco legal aplicable a la comercialización de participaciones preferentes, con el fin de proponer los cambios para mejorar la protección al inversor. Pese a su complejidad y riesgo fueron ofrecidos por las entidades de crédito, principalmente cajas de ahorros, como una alternativa a los depósitos a plazo, sin informar de sus riesgos.Įn este artículo se identifica el problema de la distribución indiscriminada de participaciones preferentes entre la clientela de las sucursales de las entidades de crédito. Estos títulos son un instrumento complejo y de riesgo elevado, con el que se puede perder todo el capital invertido. En España, la comercialización en las sucursales de las entidades de crédito de participaciones preferentes entre clientes minoristas ha creado un problema de enormes proporciones. La crisis financiera ha puesto de relieve la actuación oportunista de algunos bancos, que han aprovechado la relación de confianza con sus clientes para colocarles productos no adecuados a su perfil.
Free pdf merger audiolix free#
Keywords: shareholder rights, freedom of establishment, free movement of capital, equal-ity of shareholders.
Therefore, it can be concluded the Court should make its position clearer in order to prevent a divergent interpretation of EU law. Yet in practice it is often uncertain when shareholder rights may be referred to successfully. The European Union's legal sources often provide for the protection of shareholders. The paper examines the Court's case law and the related secondary legal sources applying a European Union law approach. The aim of this paper is to analyse to what extent shareholder protection is actually enforced in judgments of the Court. The protection of shareholder rights is routinely linked to more than one economic freedom guaranteed by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, namely the freedom of establishment and free mo-vement of capital. The importance of protection of the rights of shareholders has been acknowledged by the Court of Justice of the European Union in several decisions.
0 kommentar(er)
